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Focus on Irritable Bowel Syndrome

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Opioid Overuse in Patients with Functional GI Disorders

—Prescribing opioids to patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders--Who does that? And why?

Concerned by the increase in opioid use for patients with varying types of chronic pain, a team of gastroenterologists undertook a study to find out if these agents were also being overprescribed for patients with unexplained gastrointestinal pain, or functional gastrointestinal diagnoses (FGID). In such patients, opioid use is of questionable benefit and also associated with serious adverse effects.1

Opioid use greater in FGID than SGID

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Investigators used Veterans Health Administration (VHA) administrative data from fiscal year 2012 to compare opioid prescriptions for patients with a structural GI diagnosis (SGID) to those with a functional GI diagnosis (FGID).1

They found that 36% of 272,431 patients with FGID received an opioid prescription compared to 28.9% of 1,223, 744 of patients with SGID (relative risk [RR]=1.25).1 In fact, patients with FGID were 40% more likely (unadjusted) to receive an opioid prescription than those with SGID. During the study year, patients treated with opioids received an average of 6.8 opioid prescriptions.

“This mirrors the dramatic increase I’ve seen in our clinic over the past decade,” said Gregory S. Sayuk, MD, MPH, lead author and associate professor of medicine and psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. “Ten years ago, I could count on both hands the number of people with functional GI diagnoses who were taking opioids. Now 1 in 3 of the people who come to our clinic with this diagnosis already have an opiate prescription.”

Paradoxical pain worsening in patients with FGID

In addition to the limited evidence of effectiveness for the use of opioids for any type of nonmalignant chronic pain, Dr. Sayuk has additional concerns when these agents are given to patients with a functional GI diagnosis. “With regard to abdominal pain, there is a strong potential for opioids to paradoxically worsen the pain. Opioids can cause a narcotic bowel syndrome with increased pain sensitivity even in individuals who don’t have a functional GI disorder. In patients with a functional GI diagnosis, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation, the opioid will further exacerbate the constipation and cause more pain. I tell patients with IBS, ‘as far as your gut is concerned, taking an opioid is like taking a handful of loperamide.’ It is kind of a double hit for an individual with a functional GI disorder.”

ֱ asked Dr. Sayuk if he had any evidence that these results from a predominantly male VA clinic could be generalized to other populations. “We have looked at this in our academic practice as well, and the results (in press) are almost identical.” 

 Dr. Sayuk said his team expected to see increasing use in all practice settings, “But in the VA it was surprising because providers are all acutely aware that they are being monitored on a system level for opioid use.”

Reimbursement drives opioid overuse

Why are clinicians prescribing opioids for patients with FGID? Dr. Sayuk blames the health care system in the United States that limits the amount of time a provider can spend with a patient. “Other approaches to pain management are generally more time-consuming. With our reimbursement system, in order to keep the lights on, the provider has to squeeze in a many office visits as possible in a day because reimbursement is often just $25 or $30 for a return patient visit. Compare this to reimbursement for a procedure, like a colonoscopy. The system rewards procedures not time spent with the patient to maximize health and minimize inappropriate drug use.”

Dr. Sayuk compares this to other countries with different reimbursement systems and far lower levels of opioid use. “My colleagues in Europe and Latin America say they don’t have this same problem because they understood from the beginning that opioids were not the right approach, and they utilized nonpharmacologic strategies early on.”

Multidisciplinary pain management for patients with FGID

What does Dr. Sayuk recommend for pain management in patients with FGID?

“We utilize a multidisciplinary approach, often getting patents involved in other programs, such psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, relaxation therapy, yoga, and acupuncture.” When drugs are necessary we often use antidepressants, such as tricyclics and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.”

In a recent systematic scoping review, promising strategies to identify and reduce opioid misuse in patients with gastrointestinal disorders included prescription drug monitoring and self-management interventions.2 Dr. Sayuk urges clinicians to be especially wary of opioid use in higher risk patients. “In our study, we found that psychiatric comorbidity, psychotropic prescriptions and emergency room encounters were independently associated with opioid prescriptions and could be ‘drivers’ of opioid use. It is important for clinicians to recognize these higher risk patients and develop strategies to manage their pain without potentially harmful opioids.”

Published:

References

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Fecal Microbiota Transplant Shows Efficacy in IBS
Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) improved after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. While not definitive, the results suggest that gut dysbiosis may cause or exacerbate IBS in some patients.
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New Rome Foundation Criteria for GI Disorders
The Rome Foundation criteria provide evidence-based definitions and classifications for so-called functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The newest version of these criteria, Rome IV, includes revised diagnostic guidelines and definitions of the subtypes of IBS, which have important implications for identifying these disorders and making treatment decisions.
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Chronic Diarrhea: A Practical Approach to Chronic Diarrhea
Sylvain Coderre, MD, outlines his diagnostic approach to a patient with chronic diarrhea. Dr. Coderre is Associate Dean, Undergraduate Medical Education, University of Calgary. (3:05)
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Chronic Abdominal Pain: What You Need to Know
When assessing patients with chronic abdominal pain, choose your investigations wisely and watch for red flags, advises Brock Vair, MD, Professor of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada. (3:34)
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Acute Diarrhea: What You Need to Know
John Kargbo, MD, describes his clinical approach when a patient presents with acute diarrhea, including the conditions you must not miss. Dr. Kargbo is Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine. (2:37)
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Persistent Symptoms Are Common After Bariatric Surgery
Gastric bypass surgery has numerous benefits, but it can be accompanied by persistent GI symptoms.